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#1. How does the height of the tropopause normally vary with latitude in the northern hemisphere ?

#2. What, approximately, is the average height of the tropopause over the equator ?

#3. In which layer is most of the atmospheric humidity concentrated ?

#4. What is the boundary layer between troposphere and stratosphere called?

#5. Which of the following cloud types can project up into the stratosphere?

#6. . Which one of the following statements applies to the tropopause?

#7. Which layer of the atmosphere contains more than 90 per cent of all water vapour?

#8. The thickness of the troposphere varies with

#9. What is the approximate composition of the dry air by volume in the troposphere ?

#10. Going from the equator to the north pole, the altitude of the tropopause

#11. The troposphere

#12. The troposphere is the

#13. The tropopause is a level at which

#14. The tropopause is lower

#15. The average height of the tropopause at 50°N is about

#16. The height and the temperature of the tropopause are respectively in the order of

#17. In the mid-latitudes the stratosphere extends on an average from

#18. The temperature at FL 140 is -12°C. What will the temperature be at FL 110 if the ICAO standard lapse rate is applied ?

#19. At a certain position, the temperature on the 300 hPa chart is -48°C, according to the tropopause chart, the tropopause is at FL 330. What is the most likely temperature at FL 350 ?

#20. An outside air temperature of -35°C is measured while cruising at FL 200. What is the temperature deviation from the ISA at this level?

#21. What is the most likely temperature at the tropical tropopause?

#22. The 0° isotherm is forecast to be at FL 50. At what FL would you expect a temperature of -6° C?

#23. The temperature at FL 80 is +6°C. What will the temperature be at FL 130 if the ICAO standard lapse rate is applied ?

#24. The temperature at FL 110 is -5°C. What will the temperature be at FL 50 if the ICAO standard lapse rate is applied ?

#25. The temperature at FL 160 is -22°C. What will the temperature be at FL 90 if the ICAO standard lapse rate is applied ?

#26. A temperature of +15°C is recorded at an altitude of 500 metres above sea level. If the vertical temperature gradient is that of a standard atmosphere, what will the temperature be at the summit of a mountain, 2500 metres above sea level?

#27. How would you characterise an air temperature of -15°C at the 700 hPa level over western Europe?

#28. How would you characterise an air temperature of -30°C at the 300 hPa level over western Europe?

#29. How would you characterise an air temperature of -55°C at the 200 hPa level over western Europe?

#30. In the lower part of the stratosphere the temperature

#31. Which is true of the temperature at the tropopause?

#32. Several physical processes contribute to atmospheric warming. Which of the following contribute the most ?

#33. Convective activity over land in mid-latitudes is greatest in

#34. Advection is :

#35. The radiation of the sun heats

#36. A layer is conditionally unstable if the air

#37. Absolute instability exists whenever the environmental lapse rate

#38. In an air mass with no clouds the surface temperature is 15°C and 13°C at 1000m. This layer of air is:

#39. The dry adiabatic lapse rate

#40. An air mass is called stable when

#41. A layer can be

#42. From which of the following pieces of information can the stability of the atmosphere be derived?

#43. When in the upper part of a layer warm air is advected the

#44. An inversion is a layer of air which is

#45. The environmental lapse rate in an actual atmosphere

#46. The dry adiabatic lapse rate has a value of

#47. In still air the temperature decreases at an average of 1.2°C per 100 m increase in altitude. This temperature change is called:

#48. The value of the saturated adiabatic lapse rate is closest to that of the dry adiabatic lapse rate in

#49. Which of the following is a common cause of ground or surface temperature inversion ?

#50. Which of the following is a common result of subsidence ?

#51. What is the technical term for an increase in temperature with altitude?

#52. What characteristic is associated with a temperature inversion ?

#53. A significant inversion at low height is a characteristic of the passage of cold front

#54. An inversion is a layer of air in which the temperature

#55. An isothermal layer is a layer of air in which the temperature

#56. An inversion is

#57. The diurnal variation in temperature is largest when the sky is

#58. Around Paris on January 3rd at 1800 UTC, the surface temperature, under shelter, is 3°C. The sky is covered by 8 oktas of stratus. QNH is 1033 hPa. If the sky is covered all night, the minimum temperature of the night of January 3rd to January 4th should be

#59. On a clear sky, continental ground surface, wind calm, the minimum temperature is reached approximately

#60. What positions are connected by isobars on the surface weather chart?

#61. The station pressure used in surface weather charts is

#62. The isobars drawn on a surface weather chart represent lines of equal pressure

#63. Isobars on a surface chart are lines of equal

#64. In the troposphere the decrease of pressure per 100 m increase in height

#65. What is the approximate vertical interval which is equal to a pressure change of 1 hPa at an altitude of 5500 m ?

#66. Which of the following is true concerning atmospheric pressure ?

#67. An isohypse (contour)

#68. In order to calculate QFE from QNH, which of the following must be known ?

#69. The QFF at an airfield located 400 metres above sea level is 1016 hPa. The air temperature is 10°C higher than a standard atmosphere. What is the QNH?

#70. The QFF at an airfield located 400 metres above sea level is 1016 hPa. The air temperature is 10°C lower than a standard atmosphere. What is the QNH?

#71. The QNH at an airfield located 200 metres above sea level is 1009 hPa. The air temperature is 10°C lower than a standard atmosphere. What is the QFF?

#72. The QNH at an airfield located 200 metres above sea level is 1022 hPa. The air temperature is not available. What is the QFF?

#73. The QNH at an airfield located 0 metres above sea level is 1022 hPa. The air temperature is not available. What is the QFF?

#74. The QNH at an airfield in California located 69 metres below sea level is 1018 hPa. The air temperature is 10°C higher than a standard atmosphere. What is the QFF?

#75. The QFF at an airfield in California located 69 metres below sea level is 1030 hPa. The air temperature is 10°C lower than a standard atmosphere. What is the QNH?

#76. If the QFE at Locarno (200 metres above sea level) is 980 hPa, what is the approximate QNH ?

#77. If the QFE at Locarno (200 metres above sea level) is 1000 hPa, what is the approximate QNH?

#78. If the QNH at Locarno (200 metres above sea level) is 1015 hPa, what is the approximate QFE?(Assume 1hPa = 8m)

#79. If the QNH at Locarno (200 metres above sea level) is 1025 hPa, what is the approximate QFE?

#80. QNH is defined as

#81. In order to reduce QFE to QNH, which of the following item(s) must be known ?

#82. At FL 180, the air temperature is -35°C.The air density at this level is:

#83. Under what condition does pressure altitude have the same value as density altitude ?

#84. Half the mass of the atmosphere is found in the first

#85. The lowest assumed temperature in the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is :

#86. A 200 hPa pressure altitude level can vary in height. In temperate regions which of the following average heights is applicable ?

#87. A 300 hPa pressure level can vary in height. In temperate regions which of the following average heights is applicable ?

#88. A 500 hPa pressure level can vary in height. In temperate regions which of the following average heights is applicable ?

#89. A 700 hPa pressure level can vary in height. In temperate regions which of the following average heights is applicable ?

#90. A 850 hPa pressure level can vary in height. In temperate regions which of the following average heights is applicable ?

#91. If you are flying at FL 300 in an air mass that is 15°C warmer than a standard atmosphere, what is the outside temperature likely to be?

#92. If you are flying at FL 100 in an air mass that is 10°C warmer than a standard atmosphere, what is the outside temperature likely to be?

#93. If you are flying at FL 120 and the outside temperature is -2°C, at what altitude will the ""freezing level"" be?

#94. How does temperature vary with increasing altitude in the ICAO standard atmosphere below the tropopause?

#95. What is the vertical temperature lapse rate, up to 11 km, in the standard ICAO atmosphere ?

#96. In the International Standard Atmosphere the decrease in temperature with height below 11 km is

#97. Which statement is correct regarding the International Standard Atmosphere ?

#98. In what hPa range is an upper weather chart for FL 340 situated?

#99. The temperature at 10000 FT in the International Standard Atmosphere is :

#100. The rate of decrease of temperature with height per 100 m in the International Standard Atmosphere is :

#101. The QNH of an airport at sea level is 983 hPa and the temperature deviation from ISA is -15°C below FL 100.What is the true altitude of FL 100?

#102. You plan a flight over a mountain range at a true altitude of 15000 FT/AMSL. The air is on an average 15°C colder than ISA, the pressure at sea level is 1003 hPa. What indication must the altimeter (setting 1013.2 hPa) read?

#103. During a flight at FL 100 from Marseille (QNH 1012 hPa) to Palma de Mallorca (QNH 1015 hPa), an aircraft remains at a constant true altitude. The reason for this is that :

#104. You intend to overfly a mountain range. The recommended minimum flight altitude is, according to the aviation chart, 15000 FT/AMSL. The air mass that you will fly through is on average 15°C warmer than the standard atmosphere. The altimeter is set to QNH (1023 hPa). At what altimeter reading will you effectively be at the recommended minimum flight altitude?

#105. You are flying at FL 130, and your true altitude is 12000 FT. What is the temperature deviation from that of the standard atmosphere at FL 130 (QNH 1013,2 hPa) ?

#106. An aircraft flying at FL 100 from Marseille (QNH 1012 hPa) to Palma de Mallorca (QNH 1006 hPa) experiences no change to true altitude. The reason for this is that

#107. During a flight over the sea at FL 100 from Marseille (QNH 1012 hPa) to Palma de Mallorca (QNH 1012 hPa), the true altitude is constantly increasing. What action, if any, should be taken ?

#108. During a flight over the sea at FL 100 from Marseille (QNH 1016 hPa) to Palma de Mallorca (QNH 1016 hPa), the true altitude is constantly decreasing. What is the probable reason for this ?

#109. During a flight over the sea at FL 135, the true altitude is 13500 feet, local QNH is 1019 hPa. What information, if any, can be gained about the air mass in which the aircraft is flying?

#110. An aircraft is flying over the sea at FL 90, the true altitude is 9100 feet, local QNH is unknown. What assumption, if any, can be made about the air mass in which the aircraft is flying ?

#111. An aircraft is flying over the sea at FL 120, with a true altitude of 12000 feet, local QNH is 1013 hPa. What assumption, if any, can be made about the air mass in which the aircraft is flying ?

#112. An aircraft is flying over the sea at FL 100, with a true altitude of 10000 feet, local QNH is 1003 hPa. What assumption, if any, can be made about the air mass in which the aircraft is flying ?

#113. An aircraft is flying through the Alps on a very cold winter's day. The regional QNH is 1013 hPa. During the flight, you circle around a mountain at an altitude of its summit. What reading will the aneroid altimeter give, compared to the elevation of the summit?

#114. An aircraft is flying through the Alps on a warm summer's day. The weather is fine, and there is a high pressure system in the area. During the flight, a mountain is passed at an altitude of its summit. What reading will the aneroid altimeter give, compared to the summit's elevation?

#115. You are flying at FL 200. Outside air temperature is -40°C, and the pressure at sea level is 1033 hPa. What is the true altitude?

#116. You are flying at FL 160. Outside air temperature is -27°C, and the pressure at sea level is 1003 hPa. What is the true altitude?

#117. You are planning to fly across a mountain range. The chart recommends a minimum altitude of 12000 feet above mean sea level. The air mass you will be flying through is an average 10°C warmer than ISA. Your altimeter is set to 1023 hPa (QNH of a nearby airport at nearly sea level). What altitude will the altimeter show when you have reached the recommended minimum altitude?

#118. You are planning to fly across a mountain range. The chart recommends a minimum altitude of 12000 feet above mean sea level. The air mass you will be flying through is an average 10°C warmer than ISA. Your altimeter is set to 1023 hPa (QNH of a nearby airport at nearly sea level). What altitude will the altimeter show when you have reached the recommended minimum altitude?

#119. Which of the following conditions would cause the altimeter to indicate a lower altitude than that actually flown ?

#120. The pressure altitude is equal to the true altitude if

#121. Assume that an aircraft is flying in the northern hemisphere at the 500 hPa pressure surface on a heading of 270 degrees. Which of the following statements is correct?

#122. An aircraft is flying at FL 180 on the northern hemisphere with a crosswind from the left. Which of the following is correct concerning its true altitude ?

#123. What is the relationship, if any, between QFE and QNH at an airport situated 50 FT below sea level?

#124. After landing at an aerodrome (aerodrome elevation 1715 FT), the altimeter indicates an altitude of 1310 FT. The altimeter is set to the pressure value of 1013 hPa. What is the QNH at this aerodrome?

#125. An aircraft is descending to land under IFR. If the local QNH is 1009 hPa, what will happen to the altitude reading when the altimeter is reset at the transition level ?

#126. After landing at an aerodrome (QNH 993 hPa) it is noticed that the altimeter is still set to 1013,2 hPa and that it reads 1200 feet. What is the elevation of the aerodrome above mean sea level ?

#127. During the climb after take-off, the altimeter setting is adjusted at the transition altitude. If the local QNH is 1023 hPa, what will happen to the altimeter reading during the resetting procedure ?

#128. During the climb after takeoff, the altimeter setting is adjusted at the transition altitude. If the local QNH is 966 hPa, what will happen to the altimeter reading during the resetting procedure?

#129. An aircraft lands at an airport (airport elevation 540 FT, QNH 993 hPa) with the altimeter set to 1013 hPa. What will it indicate ?

#130. What pressure is defined as QFE?

#131. An altimeter adjusted to 1013 hPa indicates an altitude of 3600 FT. Should this altimeter be adjusted to the local QNH value of 991 hPa, the altitude indicated would be

#132. In Geneva, the local QNH is 994 hPa. The elevation of Geneva is 1411 FT. The QFE adjustment in Geneva is

#133. The barometric compensator of an altimeter is locked on reference 1013.2 hPa. The aircraft has to land on a point with an elevation of 290 feet where the QNH is 1023 hPa.Assuming that 1 hPa corresponds to 27 FT, the reading on the altimeter on the ground will be:

#134. Which of the following statements is true ?

#135. Which statement is true ?

#136. You must make an emergency landing at sea. The QNH of a field on a nearby island with an elevation of 4000 FT is 1025 hPa and the temperature is -20°C. What is your pressure altimeter reading when landing if 1025 hPa is set in the subscale?

#137. The QNH is equal to the QFE if

#138. Which of the following conditions gives the highest value of the QNH?

#139. For a given airfield the QFE is 980 hPa and the QNH is 1000 hPa. The approximate elevation of the airfield is

#140. Before landing, an altimeter set to QFE indicates

#141. If atmospheric conditions exist such that the temperature deviation is ISA +10°C in the lower troposphere up to 18000 FT, what is the actual layer thickness between FL 60 and FL 120 ?

#142. What information is required to convert a minimum safe altitude into a lowest usable flight level?

#143. Which weather condition lowers true altitude as compared to pressure altitude to a position where flight over mountains could be dangereous?

#144. Which weather condition lowers true altitude as compared to pressure altitude to a position where flight over mountains could be dangereous?

#145. A vertical spacing of 1000 FT, is the standard required separation between two FL. Under conditions of cold air advection (ISA -15°C), what would the true vertical separation be?

#146. At which pressure and temperature conditions may you safely assume that the minimum usable flight level at least lies at the same height, as the minimum safe altitude?

#147. What is the approximate speed of a 25-knot wind, expressed in kilometres per hour?

#148. What is the approximate speed of a 90 km/h wind, expressed in knots?

#149. What is the approximate speed of a 40-knot wind, expressed in m/sec?

#150. What values are used for the forecasted wind at higher levels?

#151. Whilst flying at FL 180 on the northern hemisphere an aircraft experiences right drift. What effect, if any, will this have on the aircraft's true altitude ?

#152. Which forces are balanced with geostrophic winds?

#153. In the southern hemisphere what wind effect would you expect when flying from a high pressure area towards a low pressure area at FL 100?

#154. An aircraft flying in the southern hemisphere at 2000 feet, has to turn to the right in order to allow for drift. In which direction, relative to the aircraft, is the centre of low pressure ?

#155. The geostrophic wind is greater than the gradient wind around a low pressure system because the

#156. The geostrophic wind is less than the gradient wind around an anticyclone because the

#157. An aircraft is flying in the southern hemisphere at low altitude (less than 2000 feet) and going directly away from a centre of low pressure. What direction, relative to the aircraft, does the wind come from ?

#158. What prevents air from flowing directly from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas ?

#159. Geostrophic wind

#160. Wind is caused by

#161. You are flying from east to west in the northern hemisphere at the 500 hPa pressure surface. Which of the following statements is correct?

#162. Geostrophic wind is the wind when isobars are

#163. The wind tends to follow the contour lines (isohypses) above the friction layer because

#164. The wind speed in a system with curved isobars compared to a system with straight isobars is (other conditions being the same)

#165. The geostrophic wind depends on

#166. The difference between geostrophic wind and gradient wind is caused by

#167. The geostrophic wind speed is directly proportional to the

#168. For a similar pressure gradient, the geostrophic wind speed will be

#169. For the same pressure gradient at 60°N, 50°N and 40°N the speed of the geostrophic wind will be

#170. Under anticyclone conditions in the northern hemisphere, with curved isobars the speed of the gradient wind is

#171. What characteristics will the surface winds have in an area where the isobars on the weather map are very close together?

#172. Where are you likely to find the strongest winds close to the ground?

#173. Select the true statement concerning isobars and wind flow patterns around highand low-pressure systems that are shown on a surface weather chart.

#174. The greater the pressure gradient the

#175. When isobars, for an area in the mid-latitudes on a weather map, are close together, the wind is most likely to be

#176. Which of the following is true concerning an aircraft that is flying at FL180 in the northern hemisphere, where wind is geostrophic and the true altitude remains constant ?

#177. In a low pressure system the convergence at the surface is caused by

#178. In an area of converging air

#179. Divergence in the upper air results, near the surface, in

#180. Between which latitudes are you most likely to find the subtropical high-pressure belt ?

#181. Between which latitudes are you most likely to find the region of travelling low pressure systems ?

#182. In the central part of the Atlantic Ocean between 10°N and 20°N the prevailing winds are

#183. Which degree of aircraft turbulence is determined by the following ICAO description?""There may be moderate changes in aircraft attitude and/or altitude but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. Usually, small variations in air speed. Changes in accelerometer readings of 0.5 to 1.0 g at the aircraft's center of gravity. Occupants feel strain against seat belts. Loose objects move about. Food service and walking are difficult.""

#184. All pilots encountering Clear Air Turbulence are requested to report it. You experience CAT which causes passengers and crew to feel definite strain against their seat belt or shoulders straps. Unsecured objects are dislodged. Food service and walking are difficult. This intensity of CAT should be reported as

#185. What degree of turbulence, if any, is likely to be encountered while flying through a cold front in the summer over Central Europe at FL 100?

#186. Which cloud type may indicate the presence of severe turbulence ?

#187. Fair weather cumulus often is an indication of

#188. On a clear summer day, turbulence caused by solar heating is most pronounced

#189. Generally northern hemisphere winds at 5000 FT/AGL are southwesterly while most of the surface winds are southerly. What is the primary reason of difference between these two wind directions?

#190. Friction between the air and the ground results in the northern hemisphere in:

#191. You are flying at 2 500 FT/AGL, with a southerly wind, and intend to land at an airport, at sea level directly below. From approximately which direction would you expect the surface wind (mid-latitude, northern hemisphere)?

#192. If Paris reports a wind of 19015KT on the METAR, what wind velocity would you expect to encounter at a height of 2000 feet above the ground ?

#193. . If Paris reports a wind of 08010KT on the METAR, what wind velocity would you expect to encounter at a height of 2000 feet above the ground ?

#194. If Paris reports a wind of 16020KT on the METAR, what wind velocity would you expect to encounter at a height of 2000 feet above the ground?

#195. If Paris reports a wind of 30012KT on the METAR, what wind velocity would you expect to encounter at a height of 2000 feet above the ground ?

#196. n the lower layers of the atmosphere due to friction the wind changes direction towards the low pressure area because :

#197. What causes surface winds to flow across the isobars at an angle rather than parallel to the isobars ?

#198. In the northern hemisphere a pilot flying at 1000 FT/AGL directly towards the centre of a low pressure area, will find the wind blowing from

#199. In the northern hemisphere the wind at the surface blows

#200. During a descent from 2000 FT above the surface to the surface (no frontal passage) the wind normally

#201. What relationship exists between the wind at 3000 feet and the surface wind?

#202. The vertical extent of the friction layer depends primarily on

#203. During periods of prolonged clear skies associated with anticyclonic conditions, the

#204. In the northern hemisphere the gradient wind of a cyclonic pressure distribution is 350/24, over the sea the surface wind would approximate

#205. In the northern hemisphere with an anticyclonic pressure system the geostrophic wind at 2000 FT over the sea is 060/15. At the same position the surface wind is most likely to be

#206. At the approach of a warm front (northern hemisphere) the wind direction changes from the surface up to the tropopause. The effect of this change is that the wind

#207. In a land- and sea-breeze circulation the land-breeze blows :

#208. A high pressure area (shallow pressure gradient) covers an area of the Mediterranean Sea and its nearby airport. What surface wind direction is likely at the airport on a sunny afternoon?

#209. A mountain breeze (katabatic wind) blows

#210. Which of the following is true of a land breeze?

#211. An aircraft is approaching under visual flight rules an airfield whose runway is parallel to the coast. When downwind over the sea, the airfield is on the right. What wind effect should be anticipated on final approach and landing during a sunny afternoon?

#212. The most frequent wind direction in a valley caused by thermal effects is toward the :

#213. An aircraft is approaching under visual flight rules an airfield whose runway is parallel to the coast. When downwind over the sea, the airfield is on the left. What wind effect should be anticipated on final approach and landing during a sunny afternoon ?

#214. When otherwise calm and clear conditions exist a station on the shore of a large body of water will experience wind

#215. The sea breeze is a wind from the sea

#216. In a mountain-valley wind circulation, the mountain wind blows

#217. What is the main cause for the formation of a polar front jet stream?

#218. An aircraft is flying through the polar front jet stream from south to north, beneath the core. How would the OAT change, in the northern hemisphere, during this portion of the flight?

#219. What is the approximate ratio between height and width for a jet stream cross section?

#220. An aircraft is flying from south to north, above the polar front jet stream, at FL 400 in the southern hemisphere. What change, if any, in temperature will be experienced ?

#221. A wind speed of 350 kt within a jet stream core should be world-wide regarded as:

#222. An aircraft over Western Europe is crossing a jet stream 2500 FT below its core at right angles. While crossing, the outside temperature is increasing. The prevailing wind is

#223. Where, in central Europe, are the highest wind speeds to be found ?

#224. Which jet stream is connected with a surface front system?

#225. What is the minimum speed for a wind to be classified as a jet stream?

#226. A wind sounding in the region of a polar front jet stream gives the following windprofile (Northern hemisphere).900hPa 220/20kt 800hPa 220/25kt 700hPa 230/35kt 500hPa 260/60kt 400hPa 280/85kt300hPa 300/100kt250hPa 310/120kt 200hPa 310/80ktWhich system is the jet stream associated with?

#227. Where, as a general rule, is the core of the polar front jet stream to be found?

#228. You cross a jet stream in horizontal flight at approximately right angles. While crossing, in spite of a strong wind of 120 kt, you notice the temperature barely changes.This phenomenon is absolutely normal as you are crossing the jet core.

#229. What jet streams are likely to be crossed during a flight from Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro (23°S) at FL 350 in July ?

#230. While crossing a jet stream at right angles in Western Europe (3000 FT below its core) and OAT is decreasing, what would be the prevailing wind?

#231. Which of the following statements concerning jet streams is correct?

#232. Which of the following statements concerning the core of a polar front jet stream is correct ?

#233. On a particular day part of a polar front jet stream runs from north to south in the northern hemisphere. This means that

#234. What is the average height of the arctic jet stream core?

#235. Which jet stream blows all year round, over the northern hemisphere?

#236. What is the average height of the jet core within a polar front jet stream?

#237. At approximately what altitude is the subtropical jet stream found over Europe?

#238. In the month of August you prepare a flight (cruising level FL 370) from Bombay (19°N - 73°E) to Bangkok (13°N - 100°E). What wind conditions can you expect?

#239. What is the most significant difference between an equatorial jet stream and all the other jet streams ?

#240. Which of the following types of jet streams can be observed all year round?

#241. The equatorial easterly jet is a jet stream that occurs :

#242. During the winter months in mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere, the polar front jet stream moves toward thesouth and speed increases

#243. Most strong air currents at higher levels (jet streams) have a westerly direction. There is, however, an important easterly jet stream. When and where is it likely to be encountered ?In summer from south-east Asia extending over southern India to central Africa. b)

#244. Throughout the year to the south of the Azorian high.

#245. In which zone of a jet stream is the strongest CAT to be expected ?

#246. Which area of a polar front jet stream in the northern hemisphere has the highest probability of turbulence?

#247. Under which of the following conditions is the most severe CAT likely to be experienced ?A curved jet stream near a deep trough

#248. Which of the following conditions are most favourable to the formation of mountain waves ?

#249. At the top of orographic waves, in mountainous regions, the cloud most likely to be encountered is

#250. What of the following is the most important constituent in the atmosphere from a weather stand-point ?

#251. What does dewpoint mean?

#252. Which of the following is the definition of relative humidity ?

#253. The relative humidity of a sample air mass is 50%. How is the relative humidity of this air mass influenced by changes of the amount of water vapour in it?

#254. Relative humidity

#255. How, if at all, is the relative humidity of an unsaturated airmass influenced by temperature changes?

#256. How does relative humidity and the dewpoint in an unsaturated air mass change with varying temperature?

#257. During the late afternoon an air temperature of +12°C and a dew point of +5°C were measured. What temperature change must occur during the night in order to induce saturation?

#258. Which of the following statements is true of the dew point of an air mass?

#259. Relative humidity

#260. The maximum amount of water vapour that the air can contain depends on the

#261. Dew point is defined as

#262. The difference between temperature and dewpoint is greater in

#263. The dewpoint temperature

#264. Relative humidity depends on

#265. The dewpoint temperature

#266. Relative humidity at a given temperature is the relation between

#267. Which of the following changes of state is known as sublimation?

#268. Clouds, fog or dew will always be formed when:

#269. In which of the following changes of state is latent heat released ?

#270. How are high level condensation trails formed that are to be found occasionally behind jet aircraft ?

#271. Supercooled droplets can occur in

#272. Supercooled droplets are always

#273. Supercooled droplets can be encountered

#274. A super-cooled droplet is

#275. The process by which water vapour is transformed directly into ice is known as

#276. When water evaporates into unsaturated air

#277. A super-cooled droplet is one that

#278. What is the dry adiabatic lapse rate per 1000 FT ?

#279. A parcel of unsaturated air is lifted to just below the condensation level and then returned to its original level. What is the final temperature of the parcel of air?

#280. A parcel of moist but not saturated air rises due to adiabatic effects. Which of the following changes ?

#281. If a saturated air mass descends down a slope its temperature increases at

#282. During an adiabatic process heat is

#283. The decrease in temperature, per 100 metres, in an unsaturated rising parcel of air is

#284. The decrease in temperature, per 100 metres, in a saturated rising parcel of air at lower level of the atmosphere is approximately

#285. The rate of cooling of ascending saturated air is less than the rate of cooling of ascending unsaturated air because:

#286. A layer is absolutely unstable if the temperature decrease with height is

#287. A layer in which the temperature increases with height is

#288. A layer in which the temperature decreases with 1°C per 100m is

#289. If in a 100 m thick layer the temperature at the bottom of the layer is 10°C and at the top of the layer is 8°C then this layer is

#290. An inversion is

#291. In a layer of air the decrease in temperature per 100 metres increase in height is more than 1°C. This layer can be described as being

#292. Which statement is true for a conditionally unstable layer?

#293. The stability in a layer is increasing if

#294. Which of the following statements concerning the lifting of a parcel of air is correct ?

#295. The height of the lifting condensation level is determined by

#296. A moist but unsaturated parcel of air becomes saturated by

#297. A sample of moist but unsaturated air may become saturated by

#298. if the surface temperature is 15°C then temperature at 10000 ft in a current of ascending unsaturated air is:

#299. Which of the following is a cause of stratus forming over flat land?

#300. Which of the following processes within a layer of air may lead to the building of CU and CB clouds?

#301. What process in an air mass leads to the creation of wide spread NS, AS and ST cloud coverage?

#302. Rising air cools because

#303. Convective clouds are formed

#304. In an unstable layer there are cumuliform clouds. The vertical extent of these clouds depends on the

#305. Which of the following clouds may extend into more than one layer?

#306. Which of the following types of clouds are evidence of unstable air conditions?

#307. Which of the following clouds are classified as medium level clouds in temperate regions ?

#308. What is the main composition of clouds classified as ""high level clouds""?

#309. A plain in Western Europe with an average elevation of 500 m (1600 FT) above sea level is covered with a uniform AC layer of cloud during the summer months. At what height above the ground is the base of this cloud to be expected?

#310. Which of the following cloud is classified as low level cloud ?

#311. Which types of clouds are typical evidence of stable air conditions?

#312. Which of the following types of cloud can extend over the low, medium and high cloud levels ?

#313. A plain in Western Europe with an average height of 500 m (1600 FT) above sea level is covered with a uniform SC layer of cloud during the summer months. At what height above the ground is the base of this cloud to be expected?

#314. A plain in Western Europe with an average height of 500 m (1600 FT) above sea level is covered with a uniform CC layer of cloud during the summer months. At what height above the ground is the base of this cloud to be expected?

#315. Which of the following cloud types is found at high levels?

#316. Which of the following cloud types is a medium level cloud ?

#317. Fallstreaks or virga are

#318. Altostratus clouds are classified as

#319. A cumulonimbus cloud at moderate latitudes in summer contains

#320. Strongly developed cumulus clouds are an indication of

#321. Clouds, classified as being low level are considered to have bases from

#322. Which of the following are medium level clouds ?

#323. What type of cloud is being described ?A generally grey cloud layer with fairly uniform base and uniform appearance, which may give drizzle or snow grains. When the sun is visible through the cloud, the outline is clearly discernible. Sometimes it appears in the form of ragged patches.

#324. The presence of altocumulus castellanus indicates

#325. The presence of altocumulus lenticularis is an indication of the

#326. What are the characteristics of cumuliform clouds?

#327. In which of the following conditions is moderate to severe airframe icing most likely to be encountered?

#328. What flying conditions may be encountered when flying in cirrus clouds?

#329. Cumulus clouds are an indication for

#330. At what time of day, or night, is radiation fog most likely to occur?

#331. What is the average vertical extent of radiation fog?

#332. What wind conditions, occuring just before dawn, favour the formation of fog at an airport where the temperature is 15°C and the dew point is 14°C?

#333. Which of the following weather conditions favour the formation of radiation fog?

#334. Which of the following is most likely to lead to the dissipation of radiation fog ?

#335. The most likely reason for radiation fog to dissipate or become low stratus is :

#336. What are the differences between radiation fog and advection fog ?

#337. What type of fog is most likely to form over flat land during a clear night, with calm or light wind conditions ?

#338. Under which of these conditions is radiation fog most likely to form?

#339. Which of the following is most likely to lead to the formation of radiation fog?

#340. When the temperature and dew point are less than one degree apart the weather conditions are most likely to be

#341. The morning following a clear, calm night when the temperature has dropped to the dewpoint, is likely to produce

#342. Which of the following circumstances most favour the development of radiation fog?

#343. Freezing fog consists of

#344. The range of wind speed in which radiation fog is most likely to form is :

#345. Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to the formation of advection fog ?

#346. Which type of fog is likely to form when air having temperature of 15°C and dew point of 12°C blows at 10 knots over a sea surface having temperatures of 5°C ?

#347. Advection fog can be formed when

#348. Which of the following statements is true concerning advection fog?

#349. Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to the formation of steam fog (arctic smoke)?

#350. Steaming fog (arctic sea smoke) occurs in air

#351. When does frontal fog, also known as mixing fog, occur?

#352. Frontal fog is most likely to occur

#353. What conditions are most likely to lead to the formation of hill fog?

#354. Which form of precipitation from clouds containing only water is most likely to fall in mid-latitudes?

#355. How does freezing rain develop?

#356. With what type of clouds are showers most likely associated?

#357. Which one of the following types of cloud is most likely to produce heavy precipitation ?

#358. Which of the following are favourable conditions for the formation of freezing rain?

#359. What type of cloud can produce hail showers?

#360. The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that

#361. With which of the following types of cloud is ""+RA"" precipitation most commonly associated?

#362. With what type of cloud is ""GR"" precipitation most commonly associated?

#363. With what type of cloud is ""DZ"" precipitation most commonly associated?

#364. Which of the following cloud types is least likely to produce precipitation ?

#365. With what type of cloud is heavy precipitation unlikely during the summer months ?

#366. With what type of cloud is ""+TSRA"" precipitation most commonly associated?

#367. Freezing precipitation occurs

#368. Freezing rain occurs when

#369. Precipitation in the form of showers occurs mainly from

#370. Steady precipitation, in contrast to showery precipitation falls from

#371. Large hail stones

#372. The following statements deal with precipitation, turbulence and icing. Select the list containing the most likely alternatives for NS cloud:

#373. From what type of cloud does drizzle fall ?

#374. What type of clouds are associated with rain showers ?

#375. What type of clouds are associated with snow showers ?

#376. An airmass is unstable when

#377. . An airmass is stable when

#378. What are the typical differences between the temperature and humidity between an air mass with its origin in the Azores and an air mass with its origin over northern Russia ?

#379. Where is the source of tropical continental air that affects Europe in summer?

#380. Where does polar continental air originate?

#381. In which air mass are extremely low temperatures encountered?

#382. In which of the following regions does polar maritime air originate ?

#383. What type of low pressure area is associated with a surface front?

#384. At what time of the year, are the paths of north Atlantic lows moving from west to east generally at their most southerly position?

#385. The polar front is the boundary between:

#386. Examining the pictures, on which one of the tracks (dashed lines) is this cross-section to be expected?

#387. What type of fronts are most likely to be present during the winter in Central Europe when temperatures close to the ground are below 0°C, and freezing rain starts to fall?

#388. Which of the following conditions are you most likely to encounter when approaching an active warm front at medium to low level ?

#389. During a cross-country flight at FL 50, you observe the following sequence of clouds:Nimbostratus, Altostratus, Cirrostratus, Cirrus.Which of the following are you most likely to encounter ?

#390. What cloud formation is most likely to occur at low levels when a warm air mass overrides a cold air mass?

#391. The approximate inclined plane of a warm front is:

#392. In which of the following situations can freezing rain be encountered ?

#393. How do air masses move at a warm front ?

#394. What types of cloud will you meet flying towards a warm front ?

#395. . If you have to fly through a warm front when freezing level is at 10000 feet in the warm air and at 2000 feet in the cold air, at which altitude is the probability of freezing rain the lowest ?

#396. Read this description: ""After such a fine day, the ring around the moon was a bad sign yesterday evening for the weather today. And, sure enough, it is pouring down outside. The clouds are making an oppressively low ceiling of uniform grey, but at least it has become a little bit warmer."" Which of these weather phenomena is being described?

#397. What cloud cover is typical for a wide warm sector of a polar front depression over Central Europe in the summer ?

#398. What will be the effect on the reading of an altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground during the period following the passage of an active cold front ?

#399. What will be the effect on the reading of an altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground shortly before an active cold front passes?

#400. What will be the effect on the reading of an altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground as an active cold front is passing?

#401. Thunderstorms in exceptional circumstances can occur in a warm front if

#402. On an aerodrome, when a warm front is approaching

#403. The main factor which contributes to the formation of very low clouds ahead of a warm front is the

#404. What type of precipitation would you expect at an active unstable cold front?

#405. What is the relative movement of the two airmasses along a cold front ?

#406. Which of the following is typical for the passage of a cold front in the summer ?

#407. Over Central Europe what type of cloud cover is typical of the warm sector of a depression during winter?

#408. What is the surface visibility most likely to be, in a warm sector of tropical maritime air, during the summer?

#409. What weather conditions are prevalent during the summer, over the North Sea, approximately 300 km behind a quickly moving cold front?

#410. Where is the coldest air to be found, in an occlusion with cold front characteristics?

#411. Which of the following describes a warm occlusion?

#412. When do cold occlusions occur most frequently in Europe?

#413. How are the air masses distributed in a cold occlusion ?

#414. In a polar front depression, an occlusion is called a warm occlusion when the cold air

#415. In a warm front occlusion

#416. What characterizes a stationary front ?

#417. In which approximate direction does the centre of a frontal depression move?

#418. What type of front / occlusion usually moves the fastest?

#419. In which main direction does a polar front depression move?

#420. Refer to the diagram. Assuming the usual direction of movement, where will this polar frontal wave have moved ?

#421. Frontal depressions can be assumed to move in the direction of the 2000 feet wind

#422. A frontal depression passes through the airport. What form of precipitation do you expect ?

#423. In Zurich during a summer day the following weather observations were taken:160450Z 23015KT 3000 +RA SCT008 SCT020 OVC030 13/12 Q1010 NOSIG =160650Z 25008KT 6000 SCT040 BKN090 18/14 Q1010 RERA NOSIG =160850Z 25006KT 8000 SCT040 SCT100 19/15 Q1009 NOSIG =161050Z 24008KT 9999 SCT040 SCT100 21/15 Q1008 NOSIG =161250Z 23012KT CAVOK 23/16 Q1005 NOSIG =161450Z 23016KT 9999 SCT040 BKN090 24/17 Q1003 BECMG 25020G40KT TS =161650Z 24018G35KT 3000 +TSRA SCT006 BKN015CB 18/16 Q1002 NOSIG =161850Z 28012KT 9999 SCT030 SCT100 13/11 Q1005 NOSIG =What do you conclude based on these observations?

#424. An observer on the northern hemisphere is under influence of the wind system of a depression, which is moving from West to East. The centre of the depression passes to the South of the observer. For this observer the wind direction is

#425. In which of the following areas do surface high pressure systems usually predominate over the North Atlantic region between 30°N and 65°N and the adjoining land areas during the northern summer?

#426. Select the answer which you consider will complete correctly the following statement in relation to the main pressure systems affecting the North Atlantic region between 30°N and 65°N. During winter the predominant mean low pressure system at the surface is usually centred over

#427. Considering the North Atlantic region between 30°N and 65°N and the adjacent land areas during mid-summer, the predominant pressure systems are

#428. Considering the North Atlantic region between 30°N and 65°N together with the adjacent land areas during winter, the normal disposition of the main anticyclones at the surface is

#429. What is the correct term for the descending air flow in a large high pressure area?

#430. What surface weather is associated with a stationary high pressure region over land in the winter?

#431. In temperate latitudes what weather conditions may be expected over land during the summer in the centre of a stationary high pressure zone ?

#432. What is the most likely cause of a lack of clouds at higher levels in a stationary high?

#433. Subsidence is :

#434. If the pressure surfaces bulge upwards in all levels then the pressure system is a

#435. The stable layer at some height in the low troposphere of an older high pressure area in the mid-latitudes is called

#436. A blocking anticyclone on the northern hemisphere is

#437. The most effective way to dissipate cloud is by

#438. Areas of sinking air are generally cloudless because as air sinks it

#439. What is encountered during the summer, over land, in the centre of a cold air pool?

#440. . How do you recognize a cold air pool?

#441. What type of air movement is associated with the centre line of a trough?

#442. With an intense trough of low pressure over Iceland during wintertime the weather likely to be experienced is :

#443. Extensive cloud and precipitation is often associated with a non frontal thermal depression because of :

#444. A trough of low pressure on a surface synoptic chart is an area of

#445. Which is true of a typical non frontal thermal depression?

#446. Which is true of a secondary depression in the northern hemisphere?

#447. What type of clouds, visible even at a long distance, could indicate the presence of a tropical revolving storm?

#448. Where is the most dangerous zone in a tropical revolving storm?

#449. Tropical revolving storms do not occur in the southeast Pacific and the south Atlantic because

#450. What is the main energy source of a tropical revolving storm?

#451. What is the track most likely to be taken by a hurricane in the Carribean area?

#452. Which statement is true for hurricanes in the North Atlantic?

#453. Why do tropical revolving storms tend to develop mostly in the western parts of the tropical oceans?

#454. At what time of the year are typhoons most likely to occur over the southern islands of Japan?

#455. On which coast of North America, is the danger of tropical revolving storms the greatest?

#456. What is the likely track for a hurricane in the Carribean area?

#457. During which seasons are hurricanes most likely to appear in the northern hemisphere?

#458. During which months is the Hurricane season in the Caribbean?

#459. The region of the globe where the greatest number of tropical revolving storms occur is

#460. The arrows labelled ""r"" represent the mean tracks of tropical revolving storms which occur mainly from

#461. The arrows labelled ""s"" represent the mean tracks of tropical revolving storms which occur mainly from

#462. The arrows labelled ""t"" represents the mean track of tropical revolving storms which occur mainly from

#463. The arrows labelled ""u"" represent the tracks of tropical revolving storms which occur mainly from

#464. When, if at all, is a tropical revolving storm most likely to affect Darwin, on the central north coast of Australia?

#465. At about what geographical latitude as average is assumed for the zone of prevailing westerlies?

#466. The reason for the fact, that the Icelandic low is normally deeper in winter than in summer is that

#467. Considering that portion of the route indicated from 30°E to 50°E, the upper winds in January above FL 300 are most likely to be

#468. What is the type, intensity and seasonal variation of precipitation in the equatorial region ?

#469. When are the rainy seasons in equatorial Africa?

#470. During July flights from Bangkok (13°N - 100°E) to Karachi (25°N - 67°E) experience an average tailwind component of 22 kt. In January the same flights, also operating at FL 370, have an average headwind of 50 kt. What is the reason for this difference?

#471. Which of the following statements concerning trade winds is correct?

#472. Which one of the following statements regarding the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is correct?

#473. In which of the following bands of latitude is the intertropical convergence zone most likely to be encountered in January, between Dakar and Rio de Janeiro?

#474. Where, during a flight from Marseille to Dakar, in July, may the ITCZ be encountered?

#475. Which wind systems converge on the ITCZ, when it lies at the equator?

#476. Which of the following best describes the intertropical convergence zone ?

#477. The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) particularly affects

#478. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the movement of the ITCZ in the region of West Africa?

#479. Which of the following statements concerning the intertropical convergence zone is true?

#480. What weather conditions are most likely to affect an approach to Dakar during July?

#481. What winds are mainly associated with the winter monsoon in the monsoon regions of the Indian sub-continent ?

#482. What weather conditions are indications of the summer monsoon in India?

#483. From which direction do the trade winds blow, in the southern hemisphere?

#484. What name is given to the low level wind system between the subtropical high pressure belt and the equatorial trough of low pressure (ITCZ) ?

#485. In which month does the humid monsoon in India start?

#486. What is the name of the wind or airmass which gives to the main part of India its greatest proportion of precipitation?

#487. Weather conditions at Bombay during early July are mainly influenced by the

#488. Weather conditions at Bombay during January are mainly influenced by the

#489. The prevailing surface wind in the area of the west coast of Africa north of the equator (gulf of Guinea) is a

#490. Along the West coast of India the prevailing winds are the

#491. What weather is prevalent in the zone of easterly waves?

#492. An easterly wave is a

#493. Which typical weather condition is shown by the design for the area of Central Europe ?

#494. The attached chart shows the weather conditions on the ground at 1200 UTC on October 10. Which of the following reports reflects weather development at Zurich Airport?

#495. The weather most likely to be experienced at position ""R"" is

#496. Which typical weather situation is shown on the weather chart ? (Spacing of the isobars: 5 hPa)

#497. With a uniform pressure pattern and no thunderstorms around, what will the indication of the aneroid altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground do over a period of about ten minutes?

#498. The weather most likely to be experienced at position ""R"" is

#499. A cold pool

#500. Which weather phenomena are typical for the northern side of the Alps with stormy winds from the south (Foehn)?

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